To Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis - 783 Words

Mockingbird Characters A mockingbird is someone or something that does no harm to others. In the story To Kill A Mockingbird, there are three characters that symbolize a mockingbird. They are Boo Radley, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson. These characters are innocent and do good to others. They also deserve no harm to be done to them. Boo Radley is a character the symbolizes a mockingbird. People like Mrs. Crawford spread rumors about Boo. â€Å"As Mr. Radley passed by, Boo drove the scissors into his parent’s leg, pulled them out, wiped them on his pants, and resumed his activites† (Lee 11). When the people of Macomb say these things, people think of him as a bad person. Boo also never comes out of his house because of his brother.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"She’d call me in suh. Seemed like every time I passed yonder she’d have somethin’ little for me to do† (Lee 218). After Atticus proved that Tom didn’t do anything to her, the. However,† Judge Taylor was polling the jury: guilty...guilty...guilty† (Lee 241). After being pronounced guilty, Tom had to go back to jail. Losing this trial was a confusing event for Scout and Jem to understand because they both thought there was no possible way for Tom to be guilty. However, when he was trying to escape, he got killed. â€Å"They shot him.† (Lee 270). This upset Helen and the Finch Family very much, but not Macomb. To the town, it was just another man dying. However, Tom got killed for being innocent. â€Å"He likened Tom’s death to a senseless slaughter of songbirds.† (Lee 276). Tom was an innocent man that believed he was doing kind acts to Mayella, but in return he got convicted of rape. The last mockingbird is Atticus Finch. Atticus put forth all of his effort to defend Tom and try and win. â€Å"In the name of God, believe him† (Lee 234). This shows how much Atticus cares for Tom and is trying to help. He also put him and his family’s life in danger. â€Å"When Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him† (Lee 249). Atticus is getting negative feedback towards him for doing whats right for Tom. Atticus doesnt speak any harsh words to Bob back, making him the bigger person. Atticus is also a good fatherShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Prompt: In a 1-2 page character analysis, explain what makes Atticus such a good parent, using quotes and evidence from the text to back up your claims. The Most Memorial Parent In 2003, the American Film Institute chose Atticus Finch, a respectful, dignity attorney from To Kill a Mockingbird, as the greatest hero in 100 years of film history. Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird in the 1960s and it immediately received huge acclaims from readers throughout the world. In the novelRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis721 Words   |  3 Pagesclass 6th Period English ll December 21 To Kill a Mockingbird is written by Harper Lee. It is the story of a black man’s struggle for justice. The protagonists Atticus Finch and his daughter Scout and other characters such as Tom Robinson and Bob Ewell, the author reveals her themes showing the evils of racism and the need in humans for respect. heroism is found in this novel, characters who show both physical and moral courage. Three characters to start are Atticus Finch, Mrs. Dubose, andRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis903 Words   |  4 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel written by Harper Lee, takes place during the Great Depression in the fictional town of Maycomb County, Alabama. The novel is narrated by Scout Finch looking back upon events within her childhood in Maycomb. She retells the various adventures she’s had with her brother, Jem, and father, Atticus. Scout and Jem are often getting themselves into trouble whether it is because they are pestering their reclusive neighbors the Radleys, or are destroying the gardens of anotherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1557 Words   |  7 PagesThis quotation shows that to have courage isn’t always when you are being brave but when you finish something that you start. In the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† By Harper Lee,   Many characters show the trait of courage throughout the book. It also s hows many important parts of the book through these quotes that are shown. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper lee Atticus shows the trait of courage a lot in the book.   The next two quotes are ones that show that Jen is a person in the novelRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis832 Words   |  4 PagesThe classic novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is a thrilling bildungsroman following the timeline of a young girl named Jean-Louise (Scout) Finch, written by Harper Lee. As a young girl, Scout lacked a biological mother, the result of a sudden health tragedy. Mothers play a very important role in the life of a young girl. A Mothers goal is to guide their children down a healthy path of life while providing the necessary components needed to thrive. Although Scouts mother died years ago, her motherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis924 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel To Kill a Mockingbird is based on the passed experienced from Harper Lees childhood. The character of Atticus resembles the author’s father, and the character of Scout resembles herself. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by the well known author, Harper Lee. This book is written in Scouts perspective to portray her life. The main character, Scout, who is also the narrator is portrayed as a young girl who is still learning the rules of life. Her father, her brother Jem, and nannyRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesEmpathetic Development in To Kill a Mockingbird Developing genuine empathy is one of life’s greatest challenges. In To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses unhypocritical, more experienced characters like Atticus to expose Jem and Scout to adult knowledge. Their adult influence is what brings about the empathetic growth and maturity of Jem and Scout. Atticus is one of these adults. After Scout is upset by her teacher’s inability to understand Maycomb County’s culture, Atticus delivers theRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1033 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology. Children are molded by the milieu they are raised in, as apparent throughout the story of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Countless times we are exposed to children who are raised in different environments, from the Finchs to Ewells to even the Cunninghams. While we follow Scout, a 6 year old girl, and Jem, a 10 year old boy, through the story, we get to see their characters’ personalities evolve and change due to when and where they grew up at. We also get to experience how theyRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1244 Words   |  5 PagesWas Atticus Finch was the true hero of To Kill A Mockingbird? Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird narrates the journey of Scout Finch from an immature, feisty, close minded young girl, to a strong, brave and courageous girl that now knows the truth about Boo Radley the towns ‘freak’. Boo Radley is middle aged man who is known as a creep but by the end of the novel they realise that he is a nice man. Scout is the daughter of Maycombs brave and courageous lawyer, Atticus Finch who defends Tom RobinsonRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis756 Words   |  4 Pagesso that she could end the aggression her father gave her. Mayella is powerful due to the fact that she is white, her family is the poorest family out there, but because of her color she will always be preferred over African-Americans. In â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird,† Harper Lee uses class, race, and gender to determine if Mayella has power after all. In this case, power brought her down to be on a negative side. She may be white but because of the way she lives she will never earn the trust of others

Unit 2 Customer Sevcie Assesment - 5810 Words

Unit 2 Assessment Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a USB drive Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 13 pages and is made up of 5 Sections. Name: xxxxxxxxxxxxx Section 1 – Understand the principles of customer service in an organisation 1. In†¦show more content†¦The College utilise a corporate style across all communications given out by the organisation. This encompasses font, colours and certain elements of the message given. Email footers now have a corporate style, all members of staff have the same style of ending rather than allowing for the previously slightly disjointed approach. There is a College Powerpoint template which reflects the corporate colours and fonts. This corporate style runs throughout all documentation/publications issued by the College. Every three years or so, there are changes made by the marketing team to reflect changes in emphasis/College strategies/government agenda When these changes occur all publications are changed in order to reflect this. 3. For your current organisation (or one that you are familiar with), describe the policies and procedures that relate to customer service. Why is it important to follow these policies and procedures? A policy is a definite course of action adopted by an organisation. Policies guide employees through the decision-making process. Within Bury College virtually all of our policies relate to customer service, at least in part. For example, the Health Safety Policy is in place to ensure that all of our customers/stakeholders that come into contact with Bury College remain safe at all times. The policy also includes instructions regarding identification which is to be worn, visibly by all staff, students and visitors

Aliens, Go Home Free Essays

Should illegal immigrants be sent back to their countries, or should they be granted amnesty? Is this a question of morality or of uncomplicated national policy? Granting amnesty for illegal aliens forgives their acts of illegal immigration and implicitly forgives other related illegal acts such as driving and working with false documents (www.usamnesty.org). We will write a custom essay sample on Aliens, Go Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why should a national policy be bent to such extremely unreasonable extent? If the matter is about morality, it will be highly subjective as morality is prone to being understood from too many various perspectives, the result of which can be too complicated to deduce into a single stand. However, if the matter is about uncomplicated fundamental national policy, which states that illegal immigrants should be punished because they clearly broke the law, the matter becomes very basic and very easy to see. Illegal immigrants are lawbreakers. Why spare them of the punishment that they have prepared themselves for in the moment that they decided to break the law? It does not make sense. Even though statistics from various polls illustrate that most Americans are in favor of granting illegal immigrants the amnesty (USA Today) they need to subsequently get a green card, it is still not a good thing to do. For one, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is tantamount to admission of a weak national policy, ergo, a weak national system. Why create a law that you’re ready to break? If you’re changing your laws for the convenience of people who were ready to break them, what is now the distinction between the ruler and the subordinates? Much worse, who is now ruling in the country that had created the laws in the first place? Aliens? Second, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is unethical. At the risk of crossing the borders of morality issues, illegal immigration is first and foremost an issue of ethics. Illegal immigrants might argue that they have the right to exercise freedom of movement; however, freedom of movement only applies to movement within national borders (Wiki). Third, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is a crystal clear invitation to future lawbreakers. Regardless of any reason for such an act, which others deem reasonable and humane, the truth of the matter is that it will eventually backfire and bring forth more trouble than ever. Future offenders are watching. If they see that there’s a way to get away with being an alien, then they will fear less about breaking in borders and entering a different country. Then the weak system will be subjected to an unimaginable, albeit invited chaos, coming from different nationalities, into one nation. What good will it do, considering all the possible clashing of cultures and vanishing centuries-old traditions? Each country has had a way of living that is distinct from the other. One way of preserving this is restricting the number of immigrants and standing guard against the destruction of old and protected cultures. No country will succeed in doing this if illegal immigrants are tolerated beyond what national laws provide for. Fourth, an increasing threshold for the tolerance of illegal immigrants will inevitably give way to the entrance, proliferation and perhaps subsequent tolerance of human and drug trafficking, which is a nightmare for a country that is supposed to protect its constituents. (americas.org) Having said the four major reasons for eliminating the possibility of granting amnesty, this paper will now enumerate reasons why illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries with a definitive malicious record of being an alien at least once. Immigration amnesty can potentially benefit a massive 12 to 20 million illegal immigrants currently living in the United States. (www.usamnesty.org) This number of people should be sent back to their countries because, for one, they are law breakers. Second, if they could ignore their own countries laws, what good can they do for the country they moved in? Considering this massive number of people, would it be much surprising if criminal acts increase in a nation? This is not to say that undocumented aliens are automatic criminals. But consider this, won’t any one of them be suspect? Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration. Spain, for one, has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years, and is now a destination for undocumented aliens. These jobs should go to the people of Spain, not to the aliens! The thing is, the matter is not about what majority thinks, but simply, it is about what is right. Illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries and be marked, so that other countries will take note that they were lawbreakers once, and so the undocumented aliens could feel the magnanimity of the offense they have done. It is bad enough that some people have trouble following the law. How much worse could it be if a country creates a system where laws can be break and amnesty can be granted such that any potential offender could feel free to follow in the footsteps of those who had broken the law before them? How to cite Aliens, Go Home, Papers

Law of Contract Commercial Field Significant

Question: Describe about the Law of Contract for Commercial Field Significant. Answer: 1. The law of contract has assumed prominence in the commercial field for the significant role that it plays. Indeed, the applicable law in regards to this solution that this paper seeks to critically discuss, shall be one within the panoply of Contract Law. Of particular significance to note, is that in the law of contract there are essential elements that must be present in a contract for it to be binding. Apart from these elements, there are other rules that govern the formation of a contract that will be instrumental in uncovering the legal principles that will assist Paula and Sepal Co. to determine their legal position. Tess made an offer to the Sepal Co. to buy climwits. Indeed it has been held that offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a legally binding contract (Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth, 1954). The offer was effective as soon as it was communicated by Tess to the company. The offer can be communicated to the offeree on behalf of the original offeror provided than there is proof of authorization (Cole v Cottingham, 1837). It has been held in Storer v Manchester City Council (1974), where the court of appeal affirmed that the offer must have an intention to be legally bound upon acceptance. It is thus submitted that the offer Tess made was a valid offer and one that is capable of acceptance even though it was made on behalf of Paula. Sepal Co. added new terms when accepting the offer from Tess. They did not entirely agree to the terms of the offer that Tess had made. From the above sentiments, it can be legally stated that Sepal co. made a counter offer. The court in Hyde v Wrench (1840) stated that where new terms are provided in the acceptance, it is regarded as a counter offer which renders the initial offer rejected and therefore no acceptance. In the case in question there was a battle of forms in and the court of appeal has held in Tekdata Interconnections Ltd v Amphenol Ltd (2009) that the last offer win the battle. The last offer made by Sepal that they could supply 14000 climwitts at $16000 with a 10% discount was the final one stood. It is therefore submitted that the contract was properly accepted according to the legal principles and there was a (consensus ad idem meeting of the minds) There must be a valid valuable consideration that may include profit, interest or benefit that is undertaken by one party. (Currie v Misa, 1875) The agreed consideration in this case was $14000 which was given to Sepal Co. The consideration was sufficient consideration within the ambits of the law because it was agreed upon based on the freedom of the contract (Chappell v Nestl, 1960). It has also been stated in White v Bluett (1853) that consideration must be one that amounts to an economic value which in this case, the consideration was with an economic value that cannot be subjected to debate. Suffice to say, the court will easily presume an intention to be legally bound by a contract where the relationship of the contracting parties is one of a commercial nature and not one that had domestic or family relationship (Edmonds v Lawson, 2000). The presumption of an intention to be legally bound thus flows through to Sepal Co. and Tess in this case. Having noted that the contract was properly formed and undertaken between Tess and Sepal Co. it is safe to say that Tess claim against Sepal in anyway because the contract was legally binding between the two. Below is an advice based on the assertions made by Paula that she demanded her earlier order which actually was to Woddo Co. and not Sepal. Co. However, the demand now is being made to Sepal Co. These assertions invite the doctrine of privity of contracts to discussion. It has been held that a party who is entitled to enforce a contract must establish that he or she is privy (part of) to the contract and has given a sufficient consideration (Coulls v Bagots,1967). It thus follows that a third who is not a party to the contract is legally barred from enforcing the said contract in question. Further, the doctrine of privity is to the effect that even if the party is a beneficiary of the contract, as long as they are not a party to the contract they do have any mandate to enforce the contract (Wilson v Darling Island Stevedoring Co, 1956). Paula, though a beneficiary to the contract made by Sepal and Tess, she is still a third party who is not entitled to enforce the contract. In fact, the Sepal Co. clearly stated that they had no arrangement with Paula and only agreed to make a contract with Tess. A valid legal argument can arise to the effect that Tess was acting as agent for Paula who was the principal and was the one to directly benefit. This introduces the relationship created by the law of agency and law of contracts as we try to circumvent the rule in the privity doctrine. For the above contract to be valid Lord Reid has established a four test requirement that must be met for Tess to be legally valid as an agent and Paula as a principal who can enforce her demands Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd (1961). First, the contract must clearly indicate that the benefit will be for the principal. In our case the contract ought to clearly state that the climwitts were for the benefit of Paula. Secondly, the contract must evidence that there is an agent who is acting on behalf of the principal .Therefore, the contract between Tess and Sepal Co. ought to equally show the same, that Tess was entering into the contract as an agent of Paula. Thirdly, it must be shown in the contract that the agent had the required legal authority to act on behalf of the principal. In our case in point, it is not in denial that Tess had an express authority inform of a letter to get the climwits on behalf of Paula, but the same was not envisaged in the contract. Lastly, it must be shown that there was a valuable consideration provided by the agent on behalf of the principal. In as much as there was a consideration given by Paula the contract did not indicate that it was from Paula. Pursuant to the above rules applied to the doctrine privity it is safe to say that Paula does not qualify as a party to the contract and therefore she is not entitled to enforce any demand in the contract. The challenging question embedded in the entire of the facts in issue is whether Paula can bring a claim against Tess based on the letter instructing her to urgently acquire climwits for her. It can be argued that the letter that was sent to Tess did not spark an intention to create any legal relationship where the eventual result will be an agency agreement. Suffice to say an agency relationship cannot be implied in this case unless evidence is adduced to show that the act of acquiring climwitts on behalf of Paula was one that was habitual and has recurred in a manner that it gained the force of a custom. It can also be argued that, even if an agency relationship is to be construed by the letter, Tess did everything that was necessary and incidental to the way she was expected to do according to the letter and therefore Paula has no claim (Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead, 1967). 2. It is a general and widely accepted principle in law that once a document or contract is signed the party signing will be bound by the terms therein whether or not he has read or understood the contents (LEstrange v Graucob, 1934). In this case, Merco signed the contract and therefore figuratively, he is bound by the terms of the contract. However, a party will not be bound by the contract if the signature was induced by a fraudulent misrepresentation. It is thus important to note that the discussion in this part that will ultimately be advised to Merco shall uncover the fundamental precepts of misrepresentation in law. A misrepresentation is an untrue statement that induces the other party to enter into contract which has the effects of vitiating the contract. The contract becomes voidable. The House of Lords have had the view that traditionally, English law will not require any pre-contractual good faith from the parties who eventually enter in to a contract (Walford v. Myles, 1992). However, there has been a general judicial willingness and readiness to accept the pre-contractual requirement of good faith which has eventually blossomed to the law of misrepresentation (Philips Electronique Grand Publique SA v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd, 1995). Ted was aware of the difficulty that Merco had with English and he made several statements which he knowingly knew to be false so as to persuade and induce Merco to sing the contract. It is thus submitted that for a misrepresentation to be actionable there are various elements that must be met for the action to be successful. Untrue statement of fact One of the parties must have made a false assertion of fact. Ted made the assertions that many employers recommended the magazine to their migrant employees and that there were only limited number of copies of the magazine left for subscriptions. These were statements of fact which were untrue. It has been held that if a statement is substantially correct then it does not amount to an untrue statement (Avon Insurance plc. v. Swire Fraser Ltd, 2000). It is imperative to note that mere puffs cannot be regarded as untrue statements of facts (Dimmock v. Hallett, 1866). Although these statements were made by a sales person, the statements cannot be regarded as mere puffs or a sales patter. It is worth noting that the statement must be a clear untrue statement that does not bring about any ambiguity. (Bisset v Wilkinson, 1927) Party to contract The misrepresentation must be made by a party to the contract or an agent representing the party to the contract. It is instructive to note that the contract was between Merco and Eddo Publishing Co and that Ted was a sales agent of the company. In Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney v RH Brown Co (1972) it was held that the statement can be made by a third party who is not a party to the contract but is an agent of person or company who is a party to the contract. Inducement The other party must rely on the untrue statement to the effect that the untrue statement will influence his or her judgment to enter into the contract. Essentially, the untrue statement must actually induce the other party to sign the contract. It has been held that inducement must not necessarily be the sole factor that led to the misrepresentation but it is also a vital factor that is taken into consideration in determining misrepresentation (Edgington v. Fitzmaurice, 1885). The statements made by Ted were inducing and actually they ended up inducing Merco sign the contract. Additionally, Ted incessantly asked Merco to sign the contract as he repeatedly made the untrue statements. However, a misrepresentation will not be actionable if it did not affect the judgment of the other party expected to sign the contract (Smith v. Chadwick, 1884). Indeed the untrue statements affected the judgment of Merco and she ended up signing the contract. There are various types of misrepresentation; however, the one that will be suitable and actionable in the circumstances of this case is fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation entails an untrue statement that is knowingly made without any belief in its veracity and the maker is reckless as to whether it is true or false (Derry v. Peek.1889). In fraudulent misrepresentation, the materiality of the statement of facts is not a subject in issue. It has been argued that, even where the statement of fact is not material, the misrepresentation made is actionable and the claimant is entitled to remedies. It is submitted that if the claimant knew that the statements were untrue at the time they were being made, then there is no inducement in this case (Horsfall v Thomas, 1862). Merco was not aware of any truth in the statement as he merely a visitor to Australia and knew little about what happens there. Merco has the following available remedies that she can seek while pursuing her action for fraudulent misrepresentation. Rescission Rescission is an equitable remedy that has the effect of putting the parties but to their pre-contractual position. Therefore, the contact can be rescinded; however, the objection to rescind must be made promptly upon learning the true statement of affairs. Rescission will not be possible where the innocent party in a case of fraudulent misrepresentation affirms the contract even though the true statement of facts was brought to her attention. (Long v. Lloyd ,1958) It is common knowledge that delay defeats equity and if substantial time has elapsed according to the statute of limitation then then rescission will be impossible. However it has been argued that in cases of fraud, where the true statement of facts been brought to the attention of the claimant the limitation of time will not be operative. Damages For fraudulent misrepresentation damages will be awarded for deceit. The award for damages serves the purpose of to put the claimant in the position he or she was before the contract was made (Smith New Court Securities Ltd. v. Scimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd, 1997). It is, however, important to note that, for the claimant to recover damages in an action for fraud there must be proof of harm or injury suffered because of the fraudulent misrepresentation. The proper claim by Merco will be that she has suffered economic loss where she had to the bank and pay money that was a subscription fee of the magazine. As stated above it is advised to Merco that he can have the contract set aside because misrepresentation has the effect of vitiating the contract thereby making it voidable at the option of the claimant. Merco should also not be worried because he will be entitled to any economic loss that he suffered and be able to recover any amounts of money that he paid in terms of subscription to the magazine. References Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424] Avon Insurance v Swire Fraser Ltd [2000] 1 ALL ER Comm 573 Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] UKHL Cole v Cottingham (1837) 8 Car P75, 173 ER 406 Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd v RH Brown and Co [1972] HCA 24 Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 Derry v Peek (1889) LR 14 App Cas 337 Dimmock v Hallett (1866) 2 Ch App 21 Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459 Edmonds v Lawson [2000] EWCA Civ 69 Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1967] 1 QB 549 Horsfall v Thomas [1862] 1 HC 90 Hyde v Wrench [1840] EWHC Ch J90 L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 Long v Lloyd [1958] 1 WLR 753 Philips Electronique -v- British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472 Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd [1961] UKHL 4 Smith v Chadwick (1884) 9 App Cas 187 Smith New Court Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd [1996] UKHL 3 Storer v Manchester City Council [1974] 3 All ER 824 Tekdata Interconnections Ltd v Amphenol Ltd (2009) EWCA Civ 1209 Walford v Miles. [1992] 2 AC 128. White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 Wilson v Darling Island Stevedoring and Lighterage Co Ltd [1956] HCA 8